c++ programming

INTRODUCTION OF C++ LANGUAGE:

 C++  is a high-level, general-purpose programming language created by Danish computer scientist Bjarne Stroustrup. First released in 1985 as an extension of the C programming language, it has since expanded significantly over time; as of 1997, C++ has object-oriented, generic, and functional features, in addition to facilities for low-level memory manipulation for making things like microcomputers or to make operating systems like Linux or Windows. It is almost always implemented as a compiled language, and many vendors provide C++ compilers, including the Free Software Foundation, LLVM, Microsoft, Intel, Embarcadero, Oracle, and IBM. If you see more detail on programming click here:    introduction of programming

C++ was designed with systems programming and embedded, resource-constrained software and large systems in mind, with performance, efficiency, and flexibility of use as its design highlights. C++ has also been found useful in many other contexts, with key strengths being software infrastructure and resource-constrained applications, including desktop applications, video games, servers (e.g., e-commerce, web search, or databases), and performance-critical applications (e.g., telephone switches or space probes).

C++ is standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), with the latest standard version ratified and published by ISO in December 2020 as ISO/IEC 14882:2020 (informally known as C++20). The C++ programming language was initially standardized in 1998 as ISO/IEC 14882:1998, which was then amended by the C++03, C++11, C++14, and C++17 standards. The current C++20 standard supersedes these with new features and an enlarged standard library. Before the initial standardization in 1998, C++ was developed by Stroustrup at Bell Labs since 1979 as an extension of the C language; he wanted an efficient and flexible language similar to C that also provided high-level features for program organization.[18] Since 2012, C++ has been on a three-year release schedule with C++23 as the next planned standard.[20]C++ (/ˈsiː plʌs plʌs/, pronounced "C plus plus" and sometimes abbreviated as CPP) is a high-level, general-purpose programming language created by Danish computer scientist Bjarne Stroustrup. First released in 1985 as an extension of the C programming language, it has since expanded significantly over time; as of 1997, C++ has object-oriented, generic, and functional features, in addition to facilities for low-level memory manipulation for making things like microcomputers or to make operating systems like Linux or Windows. It is almost always implemented as a compiled language, and many vendors provide C++ compilers, including the Free Software Foundation, LLVM, Microsoft, Intel, Embarcadero, Oracle, and IBM.

C++ was designed with systems programming and embedded, resource-constrained software and large systems in mind, with performance, efficiency, and flexibility of use as its design highlights. C++ has also been found useful in many other contexts, with key strengths being software infrastructure and resource-constrained applications, including desktop applications, video games, servers (e.g., e-commerce, web search, or databases), and performance-critical applications (e.g., telephone switches or space probes).

C++ is standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), with the latest standard version ratified and published by ISO in December 2020 as ISO/IEC 14882:2020 (informally known as C++20).The C++ programming language was initially standardized in 1998 as ISO/IEC 14882:1998, which was then amended by the C++03, C++11, C++14, and C++17 standards. The current C++20 standard supersedes these with new features and an enlarged standard library. Before the initial standardization in 1998, C++ was developed by Stroustrup at Bell Labs since 1979 as an extension of the C language; he wanted an efficient and flexible language similar to C that also provided high-level features for program organization.[18] Since 2012, C++ has been on a three-year release schedule with C++23 as the next planned standard.[20]C++ (/ˈsiː plʌs plʌs/, pronounced "C plus plus" and sometimes abbreviated as CPP) is a high-level, general-purpose programming language created by Danish computer scientist Bjarne Stroustrup. First released in 1985 as an extension of the C programming language, it has since expanded significantly over time; as of 1997, C++ has object-oriented, generic, and functional features, in addition to facilities for low-level memory manipulation for making things like microcomputers or to make operating systems like Linux or Windows. It is almost always implemented as a compiled language, and many vendors provide C++ compilers, including the Free Software Foundation, LLVM, Microsoft, Intel, Embarcadero, Oracle, and IBM.

C++ was designed with systems programming and embedded, resource-constrained software and large systems in mind, with performance, efficiency, and flexibility of use as its design highlights. C++ has also been found useful in many other contexts, with key strengths being software infrastructure and resource-constrained applications, including desktop applications, video games, servers (e.g., e-commerce, web search, or databases), and performance-critical applications (e.g., telephone switches or space probes).

C++ is standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), with the latest standard version ratified and published by ISO in December 2020 as ISO/IEC 14882:2020 (informally known as C++20). The C++ programming language was initially standardized in 1998 as ISO/IEC 14882:1998, which was then amended by the C++03, C++11, C++14, and C++17 standards. The current C++20 standard supersedes these with new features and an enlarged standard library. Before the initial standardization in 1998, C++ was developed by Stroustrup at Bell Labs since 1979 as an extension of the C language; he wanted an efficient and flexible language similar to C that also provided high-level features for program organization. Since 2012, C++ has been on a three-year release schedule[19] with C++23 as the next planned standard.

HISTORY:

In 1979, Bjarne Stroustrup, a Danish PC researcher, started work on "C with Classes", the ancestor to C++. The inspiration for making another dialect began from Stroustrup's involvement with programming for his PhD proposition. Stroustrup found that Simula had highlights that were extremely useful for enormous programming advancement, yet the language was excessively delayed for functional use, while BCPL was quick however excessively low-level to be appropriate for huge programming improvement. At the point when Stroustrup began working in AT&T Chime Labs, he had the issue of breaking down the UNIX portion as for conveyed registering. Recalling his PhD experience, Stroustrup set off to improve the C language with Simula-like features.C was picked in light of the fact that it was broadly useful, quick, versatile, and generally utilized. Notwithstanding C and Simula's persuasions, different dialects affected this new dialect, including ALGOL 68, Ada, CLU, and ML.[citation needed]

At first, Stroustrup's "C with Classes" added elements to the C compiler, Cpre, including classes, determined, serious areas of strength for classes, inlining, and default arguments.

A test on C++11 highlights being given in Paris in 2015

In 1982, Stroustrup began to foster a replacement to C with Classes, which he named "C++" (++ being the addition administrator in C) subsequent to going through a few different names. New highlights were added, including virtual capabilities, capability name and administrator over-burdening, references, constants, type-safe free-store memory distribution (new/erase), further developed type checking, and BCPL-style single-line remarks with two forward cuts (//). Moreover, Stroustrup fostered a new, independent compiler for C++, 

In 1984, Stroustrup executed the principal stream input/yield library. Giving a result administrator instead of a named yield capability was proposed by Doug McIlroy (who had recently recommended Unix pipes).

In 1985, the main version of The C++ Programming Language was delivered, which turned into the authoritative reference for the language, as there was not yet an authority standard. The primary business execution of C++ was delivered in October of the equivalent year.

In 1989, C++ 2.0 was delivered, trailed by the refreshed second version of The C++ Programming Language in 1991. New highlights in 2.0 incorporated various legacy, unique classes, static part works, const part works, and safeguarded individuals. In 1990, The Explained C++ Instructional booklet was distributed. This work turned into the reason for the future norm. Later component increases included formats, exemptions, namespaces, new projects, and a Boolean sort.

In 1998, C++98 was delivered, normalizing the language, and a minor update (C++03) was delivered in 2003.

After C++98, C++ advanced somewhat leisurely until, in 2011, the C++11 standard was delivered, adding various new elements, augmenting the standard library further, and giving more offices to C++ developers. After a minor C++14 update delivered in December 2014, different new augmentations were presented in C++17. In the wake of becoming concluded in February 2020, a draft of the C++20 standard was supported on 4 September 2020, and formally distributed on 15 December 2020.

On January 3, 2018, Stroustrup was reported as the 2018 champ of the Charles Distinct Draper Prize for Designing, "for conceptualizing and fostering the C++ programming language".

As of December 2022, C++ positioned third on the TIOBE record, outperforming Java without precedent for the historical backdrop of the list. It positions third, after Python and C.

ETYMOLOGY:

As per Stroustrup, "the name connotes the transformative idea of the progressions from C." This name is credited to Rick Mascitti (mid-1983) and was first utilized in December 1983. At the point when Mascitti was examined casually in 1992 regarding the naming, he showed that it was given in an offhanded soul. The name comes from C's ++ administrator (which increases the worth of a variable) and a typical naming show of utilizing "+" to demonstrate an upgraded PC program.

During C++'s improvement period, the language had been alluded to as "new C" and "C with Classes" prior to procuring its last name.

Philosophy:

Throughout C++'s life, its development and evolution has been guided by a set of principles:

• It must be driven by actual problems and its features should be immediately useful in real world programs.
• Every feature should be implementable (with a reasonably obvious way to do so).
• Programmers should be free to pick their own programming style, and that style should be fully supported by C++.
• Allowing a useful feature is more important than preventing every possible misuse of C++.
• It should provide facilities for organising programs into separate, well-defined parts, and provide facilities for combining separately developed parts.
• No implicit violations of the type system (but allow explicit violations; that is, those explicitly requested by the programmer).
• User-created types need to have the same support and performance as built-in types.
• Unused features should not negatively impact created executables (e.g. in lower performance).

You must learn c++ from these resources:

Introduction of c++ language

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